Heat transfer compositions comprising r-1225ye(e) and r-32

ABSTRACT

The present application relates to compositions comprising (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene (i.e., R-1225ye(E) or HFO-1225ye(E)), R-32, and, optionally, one or more additional components, that are useful in refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump systems. Methods of replacing R-134a or R-513A in refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump systems are also provided.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present application relates to compositions comprising(E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene (i.e., R-1225ye(E) orHFO-1225ye(E)), R-32, and, optionally, one or more additionalcomponents, for use in refrigeration, air conditioning or heat pumpsystems. The compositions of the present invention are useful in methodsfor producing cooling and heating, and methods for replacingrefrigerants and refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pumpapparatus.

BACKGROUND

Many current commercial refrigerants employ hydrochlorofluorocarbons(“HCFCs”) or hydrofluorocarbons (“HFCs”). HCFCs contribute to ozonedepletion and are scheduled for eventual phaseout under the MontrealProtocol. HFCs, while not contributing to ozone depletion, cancontribute to global warming and the use of such compounds has comeunder scrutiny by environmental regulators. Thus, there is a need forrefrigerants that are characterized by a no ozone depletion potential(ODP) and low impact on global warming. This application addresses thisneed and others.

SUMMARY

The present application provides, inter alia, compositions comprising(E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene and R-32.

The present application further provides processes for producingcooling, comprising condensing a composition provided herein andthereafter evaporating said composition in the vicinity of a body to becooled.

The present application further provides processes for producingheating, comprising evaporating a composition provided herein andthereafter condensing said composition in the vicinity of a body to beheated.

The present application further provides methods of replacing R-134a orR-513A in a refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump system,comprising providing a composition provided herein as replacement forsaid R-134a or R-513A.

The present application further provides air conditioning systems, heatpump systems, and refrigeration systems comprising a compositionprovided herein.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which this invention belongs. Methods and materials aredescribed herein for use in the present invention; other, suitablemethods and materials known in the art can also be used. The materials,methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to belimiting. All publications, patent applications, patents, sequences,database entries, and other references mentioned herein are incorporatedby reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the presentspecification, including definitions, will control.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure provides compositions (e.g., heat transfercomposition and/or refrigerant compositions) comprising(E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene (i.e., R-1225ye(E) orHFO-1225ye(E)), R-32, and optionally, a compound selected fromHFO-1234yf, R-125, CO₂, or any mixture thereof. The compositionsprovided herein may be useful, for example, in refrigerant and/or heattransfer applications formerly served by incumbent refrigerant compounds(e.g., CFCs, HFCs, and the like).

Definitions and Abbreviations

As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,”“including,” “has,” “having” or any other variation thereof, areintended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process,method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is notnecessarily limited to only those elements but may include otherelements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method,article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary,“or” refers to an inclusive or and not to an exclusive or. For example,a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true(or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or notpresent) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (orpresent).

As used herein, the term “consisting essentially of” is used to define acomposition, method that includes materials, steps, features,components, or elements, in addition to those literally disclosedprovided that these additional included materials, steps, features,components, or elements do not materially affect the basic and novelcharacteristic(s) of the claimed invention, especially the mode ofaction to achieve the desired result of any of the processes of thepresent invention. The term “consists essentially of” or “consistingessentially of” occupies a middle ground between “comprising” and“consisting of”.

Also, use of “a” or “an” are employed to describe elements andcomponents described herein. This is done merely for convenience and togive a general sense of the scope of the invention. This descriptionshould be read to include one or at least one and the singular alsoincludes the plural unless it is obvious that it is meant otherwise.

As used herein, the term “about” is meant to account for variations dueto experimental error (e.g., plus or minus approximately 10% of theindicated value). All measurements reported herein are understood to bemodified by the term “about”, whether or not the term is explicitlyused, unless explicitly stated otherwise.

When an amount, concentration, or other value or parameter is given aseither a range, preferred range or a list of upper preferable valuesand/or lower preferable values, this is to be understood as specificallydisclosing all ranges formed from any pair of any upper range limit orpreferred value and any lower range limit or preferred value, regardlessof whether ranges are separately disclosed. Where a range of numericalvalues is recited herein, unless otherwise stated, the range is intendedto include the endpoints thereof, and all integers and fractions withinthe range.

Global warming potential (GWP) is an index for estimating relativeglobal warming contribution due to atmospheric emission of a kilogram ofa particular greenhouse gas compared to emission of a kilogram of carbondioxide. GWP can be calculated for different time horizons showing theeffect of atmospheric lifetime for a given gas. The GWP for the 100-yeartime horizon is commonly the value referenced.

As used herein the term “Ozone depletion potential” (ODP) is defined in“The Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion, 2002, A report of theWorld Meteorological Association's Global Ozone Research and MonitoringProject,” section 1.4.4, pages 1.28 to 1.31 (see first paragraph of thissection). ODP represents the extent of ozone depletion in thestratosphere expected from a compound on a mass-for-mass basis relativeto fluorotrichloromethane (CFC-11).

Refrigeration capacity (sometimes referred to as cooling capacity) is aterm to define the change in enthalpy of a refrigerant or working fluidin an evaporator per unit mass of refrigerant or working fluidcirculated. Volumetric cooling capacity refers to the amount of heatremoved by the refrigerant or working fluid in the evaporator per unitvolume of refrigerant vapor exiting the evaporator. The refrigerationcapacity is a measure of the ability of a refrigerant, working fluid orheat transfer composition to produce cooling. Therefore, the higher thevolumetric cooling capacity of the working fluid, the greater thecooling rate that can be produced at the evaporator with the maximumvolumetric flow rate achievable with a given compressor. Cooling raterefers to the heat removed by the refrigerant in the evaporator per unittime.

Similarly, volumetric heating capacity is a term to define the amount ofheat supplied by the refrigerant or working fluid in the condenser perunit volume of refrigerant or working fluid vapor entering thecompressor. The higher the volumetric heating capacity of therefrigerant or working fluid, the greater the heating rate that isproduced at the condenser with the maximum volumetric flow rateachievable with a given compressor.

Coefficient of performance (COP) is the amount of heat removed in theevaporator divided by the energy required to operate the compressor. Thehigher the COP, the higher the energy efficiency. COP is directlyrelated to the energy efficiency ratio (EER), that is, the efficiencyrating for refrigeration or air conditioning equipment at a specific setof internal and external temperatures.

As used herein, a heat transfer medium comprises a composition used tocarry heat from a heat source to a heat sink. For example, heat from abody to be cooled to a chiller evaporator or from a chiller condenser toa cooling tower or other configuration where heat can be rejected to theambient.

As used herein, a working fluid or refrigerant comprises a compound ormixture of compounds (e.g., a composition provided herein) that functionto transfer heat in a cycle wherein the working fluid undergoes a phasechange from a liquid to a gas and back to a liquid in a repeating cycle.

Subcooling is the reduction of the temperature of a liquid below thatliquid's saturation point for a given pressure. The saturation point isthe temperature at which a vapor composition is completely condensed toa liquid (also referred to as the bubble point). But subcoolingcontinues to cool the liquid to a lower temperature liquid at the givenpressure. By cooling a liquid below the saturation temperature, the netrefrigeration capacity can be increased. Subcooling thereby improvesrefrigeration capacity and energy efficiency of a system. Subcool amountis the amount of cooling below the saturation temperature (in degrees)or how far below its saturation temperature a liquid composition iscooled.

The term “superheat” defines how far above the saturation vaportemperature of a vapor composition a vapor composition is heated.Saturation vapor temperature is the temperature at which, if a vaporcomposition is cooled, the first drop of liquid is formed, also referredto as the “dew point”.

Chemicals, Abbreviations, and Acronyms

-   HFC: hydrofluorocarbon-   HCFC: hydrochlorofluorocarbon-   HFO: hydrofluoroolefin-   R-32: difluoromethane-   R-125: 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane-   R-134a, HFC-134a, or 134a: 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane-   R-1225ye(E), HFO-1225yeE or 1225yeE:    (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene-   R-1234yf, HFO-1234yf, or 1234yf: 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene-   CAP: cooling (or heating) capacity-   COP: coefficient of performance-   GWP: global warming potential-   ODP: ozone depletion potential-   R-513A: Mixture of 56 weight percent 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene    (R-1234y0 and 44 weight percent 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134a)

Compositions

The present application provides a composition comprising(E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene and R-32. In some embodiments, thecomposition consists essentially of (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propeneand R-32. In some embodiments, the composition consists of(E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene and R-32.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 85 to about 95weight percent (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, for example, about85, about 90, or about 95 weight percent(E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene. In some embodiments, thecomposition comprises about 90 weight percent(E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 5 to about 15weight percent R-32, for example, about 5, about 10, or about 15 weightpercent R-32. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 10weight percent R-32.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 90 weight percent(E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene and about 10 weight percent R-32.

In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein further comprise acompound selected from HFO-1234yf, R-125, and CO₂, or any mixturethereof.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 40 to about 95weight percent (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, for example, about40 to about 90, about 40 to about 80, about 40 to about 70, about 40 toabout 60, about 40 to about 50, about 50 to about 95, about 50 to about90, about 50 to about 80, about 50 to about 70, about 50 to about 60,about 60 to about 95, about 60 to about 90, about 60 to about 80, about60 to about 70, about 70 to about 95, about 70 to about 90, about 70 toabout 80, about 80 to about 95, about 80 to about 90, or about 90 toabout 95 weight percent (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 2 to about 12weight percent R-32, for example, about 2 to about 10, about 2 to about8, about 2 to about 6, about 2 to about 4, about 4 to about 12, about 4to about 10, about 4 to about 8, about 4 to about 6, about 6 to about12, about 6 to about 10, about 6 to about 8, about 8 to about 12, about8 to about 10, or about 10 to about 12 weight percent R-32.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 41 to about 48weight percent HFO-1234yf, for example, about 41 to 46, about 41 to 44,about 41 to 42, about 42 to 48, about 42 to 46, about 42 to 44, about 44to 48, about 44 to 46, or about 44 to 48 weight percent HFO-1234yf.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 6 weightpercent R-125, for example, about 1 to about 4, about 1 to about 2,about 2 to about 6, about 2 to about 4, or about 4 to about 6.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 3 weightpercent CO₂, for example, about 1, about 2, or about 3 weight percentCO₂.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises(E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, R-32, HFO-1234yf, and R-125.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 41 to about 49weight percent (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene. In some embodiments,the composition comprises about 44 to about 47 weight percent(E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene. In some embodiments, thecomposition comprises about 46 to about 47 weight percent(E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 2 to about 12weight percent R-32. In some embodiments, the composition comprisesabout 4 to about 8 weight percent R-32. In some embodiments, thecomposition comprises about 4 to about 6 weight percent R-32.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 41 to about 48weight percent HFO-1234yf. In some embodiments, the compositioncomprises about 44 to about 47 weight percent HFO-1234yf. In someembodiments, the composition comprises about 45 to about 47 weightpercent HFO-1234yf.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 6 weightpercent R-125. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 2 toabout 4 weight percent R-125. In some embodiments, the compositioncomprises about 2 to about 3 weight percent R-125.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 41 to about 49weight percent (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, about 2 to about 12weight percent R-32, about 41 to about 48 weight percent HFO-1234yf, andabout 1 to about 6 weight percent R-125.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 44 to about 47weight percent (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, about 4 to about 8weight percent R-32, about 44 to about 47 weight percent HFO-1234yf, andabout 2 to about 4 weight percent R-125.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 46 to about 47weight percent (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, about 4 to about 6weight percent R-32, about 45 to about 47 weight percent HFO-1234yf, andabout 2 to about 3 weight percent R-125.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises(E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, R-32, HFO-1234yf, and CO₂.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 46 to about 49weight percent (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene. In some embodiments,the composition comprises about 47 to about 49 weight percent(E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 2 to about 6 weightpercent R-32. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 2 toabout 4 weight percent R-32,

In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 45 to about 48weight percent HFO-1234yf. In some embodiments, the compositioncomprises about 47 to about 48 weight percent HFO-1234yf,

In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 3 weightpercent CO₂. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 toabout 2 weight percent CO₂.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 46 to about 49weight percent (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, about 2 to about 6weight percent R-32, about 45 to about 48 weight percent HFO-1234yf, andabout 1 to about 3 weight percent CO₂.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 47 to about 49weight percent (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, about 2 to about 4weight percent R-32, about 47 to about 48 weight percent HFO-1234yf, andabout 1 to about 2 weight percent CO₂.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises(E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, R-32, HFO-1234yf, R-125, and CO₂.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 43 to about 47weight percent (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene. In some embodiments,the composition comprises about 44 to about 47 weight percent(E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene. In some embodiments, thecomposition comprises about 44 to about 47 weight percent(E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene. In some embodiments, thecomposition comprises about 46 to about 47 weight percent(E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 4 to about 10weight percent R-32. In some embodiments, the composition comprisesabout 4 to about 8 weight percent R-32. In some embodiments, thecomposition comprises about 4 to about 8 weight percent R-32. In someembodiments, the composition comprises about 4 to about 6 weight percentR-32.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 42 to about 47weight percent HFO-1234yf. In some embodiments, the compositioncomprises about 44 to about 47 weight percent HFO-1234yf. In someembodiments, the composition comprises about 44 to about 47 weightpercent HFO-1234yf. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about45 to about 47 weight percent HFO-1234yf.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 4 weightpercent R-125. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 toabout 2 weight percent R-125. In some embodiments, the compositioncomprises about 1 to about 2 weight percent R-125. In some embodiments,the composition comprises about 1 to about 2 weight percent R-125.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 to about 2 weightpercent CO₂. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 1 toabout 2 weight percent CO₂. In some embodiments, the compositioncomprises about 1 to about 2 weight percent CO₂. In some embodiments,the composition comprises about 1 to about 1 weight percent CO₂.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 43 to about 47weight percent (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, about 4 to about 10weight percent R-32, about 42 to about 47 weight percent HFO-1234yf,about 1 to about 4 weight percent R-125, and about 1 to about 2 weightpercent CO₂.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 44 to about 47weight percent (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, about 4 to about 8weight percent R-32, about 44 to about 47 weight percent HFO-1234yf,about 1 to about 2 weight percent R-125, and about 1 to about 2 weightpercent CO₂.

In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 46 to about 47weight percent (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, about 4 to about 6weight percent R-32, about 45 to about 47 weight percent HFO-1234yf,about 1 to about 2 weight percent R-125, and about 1 to about 1 weightpercent CO₂.

In some embodiments, the composition provided herein is selected fromthe group of compositions provided in Tables 1A-1B.

In some embodiments, the composition is a composition selected from thegroup of compositions provided in Tables 1A-1B, wherein the compositionsexhibits a cooling capacity (CAP) that is within about ±3% to about ±20%of the cooling capacity of R-134a or R-513A.

In some embodiments, the composition is a composition selected from thegroup of compositions provided in Tables 1A-1B, wherein the compositionsexhibit a cooling capacity (CAP) that is within about ±20% of thecooling capacity of R-134a or R-513A. In some embodiments, thecomposition is a composition selected from the group of compositionsprovided in Tables 1A-1B, wherein the compositions exhibit a coolingcapacity (CAP) that is within about ±15% of the cooling capacity ofR-134a or R-513A. In some embodiments, the composition is a compositionselected from the group of compositions provided in Tables 1A-1B,wherein the compositions exhibit a cooling capacity (CAP) that is withinabout ±10% of the cooling capacity of the R-134a or R-513A. In someembodiments, the composition is a composition selected from the group ofcompositions provided in Tables 1A-1B, wherein the compositions exhibita cooling capacity (CAP) that is within about ±5% of the coolingcapacity of the R-134a or R-513A. In some embodiments, the compositionis a composition selected from the group of compositions provided inTables 1A-1B, wherein the compositions exhibit a GWP less than about750. In some embodiments, the composition is a composition selected fromthe group of compositions provided in Tables 1A-1B, wherein thecompositions exhibit a GWP less than about 400. In some embodiments, thecomposition is a composition selected from the group of compositionsprovided in Tables 1A-1B, wherein the compositions exhibit a GWP lessthan about 250. In some embodiments, the composition is a compositionselected from the group of compositions provided in Tables 1A-1B,wherein the compositions exhibit a GWP less than about 150.

In some embodiments, the composition provided herein is selected fromthe group of compositions provided in Tables 2A-2B.

In some embodiments, the composition is a composition selected from thegroup of compositions provided in Tables 2A-2B, wherein the compositionsexhibit a cooling capacity (CAP) that is within about ±3% to about ±20%of the cooling capacity of R-134a or R-513A.

In some embodiments, the composition is a composition selected from thegroup of compositions provided in Tables 2A-2B, wherein the compositionsexhibit a cooling capacity (CAP) that is within about ±20% of thecooling capacity of R-134a or R-513A. In some embodiments, thecomposition is a composition selected from the group of compositionsprovided in Tables 2A-2B, wherein the compositions exhibit a coolingcapacity (CAP) that is within about ±15% of the cooling capacity ofR-134a or R-513A. In some embodiments, the composition is a compositionselected from the group of compositions provided in Tables 2A-2B,wherein the compositions exhibit a cooling capacity (CAP) that is withinabout ±10% of the cooling capacity of the R-134a or R-513A. In someembodiments, the composition is a composition selected from the group ofcompositions provided in Tables 2A-2B, wherein the compositions exhibita cooling capacity (CAP) that is within about ±5% of the coolingcapacity of the R-134a or R-513A. In some embodiments, the compositionis a composition selected from the group of compositions provided inTables 2A-2B, wherein the compositions exhibit a GWP less than about750. In some embodiments, the composition is a composition selected fromthe group of compositions provided in Tables 2A-2B, wherein thecompositions exhibit a GWP less than about 400. In some embodiments, thecomposition is a composition selected from the group of compositionsprovided in Tables 2A-2B, wherein the compositions exhibit a GWP lessthan about 250. In some embodiments, the composition is a compositionselected from the group of compositions provided in Tables 2A-2B,wherein the compositions exhibit a GWP less than about 150.

In some embodiments, the composition provided herein is selected fromthe group of compositions provided in Tables 3A-3B.

In some embodiments, the composition is a composition selected from thegroup of compositions provided in Tables 3A-3B, wherein the compositionsexhibit a cooling capacity (CAP) that is within about ±3% to about ±20%of the cooling capacity of R-134a or R-513A.

In some embodiments, the composition is a composition selected from thegroup of compositions provided in Tables 3A-3B, wherein the compositionsexhibit a cooling capacity (CAP) that is within about ±20% of thecooling capacity of R-134a or R-513A. In some embodiments, thecomposition is a composition selected from the group of compositionsprovided in Tables 3A-3B, wherein the compositions exhibit a coolingcapacity (CAP) that is within about ±15% of the cooling capacity ofR-134a or R-513A. In some embodiments, the composition is a compositionselected from the group of compositions provided in Tables 3A-3B,wherein the compositions exhibit a cooling capacity (CAP) that is withinabout ±10% of the cooling capacity of the R-134a or R-513A. In someembodiments, the composition is a composition selected from the group ofcompositions provided in Tables 3A-3B, wherein the compositions exhibita cooling capacity (CAP) that is within about ±5% of the coolingcapacity of the R-134a or R-513A. In some embodiments, the compositionis a composition selected from the group of compositions provided inTables 3A-3B, wherein the compositions exhibit a GWP less than about750. In some embodiments, the composition is a composition selected fromthe group of compositions provided in Tables 3A-3B, wherein thecompositions exhibit a GWP less than about 400. In some embodiments, thecomposition is a composition selected from the group of compositionsprovided in Tables 3A-3B, wherein the compositions exhibit a GWP lessthan about 250. In some embodiments, the composition is a compositionselected from the group of compositions provided in Tables 3A-3B,wherein the compositions exhibit a GWP less than about 150.

Methods of Use

The compositions provided herein can act as a working fluid used tocarry heat from a heat source to a heat sink. Such heat transfercompositions may also be useful as a refrigerant in a cycle wherein thefluid undergoes a phase change; that is, from a liquid to a gas andback, or vice versa. Examples of heat transfer systems include but arenot limited to air conditioners, freezers, refrigerators, heat pumps,water chillers, flooded evaporator chillers, direct expansion chillers,walk-in coolers, high temperature heat pumps, mobile refrigerators,mobile air conditioning units, immersion cooling systems, data-centercooling systems, and combinations thereof. Accordingly, the presentapplication provides a heat transfer system (e.g., a heat transferapparatus) as described herein, comprising a composition providedherein. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein is usefulas a working fluid (e.g., a working fluid for refrigeration or heatingapplications) in the heat transfer apparatus. In some embodiments, thecompositions provided herein are useful in an apparatus or systemcomprising a high temperature heat pump. In some embodiments, the hightemperature heat pump comprises a centrifugal compressor. In someembodiments, the compositions provided herein are useful in an apparatusor system comprising a chiller apparatus. In some embodiments, thecompositions provided herein are useful in an apparatus or systemcomprising a centrifugal chiller apparatus. In some embodiments, thecompositions provided herein are useful in a centrifugal hightemperature heat pump.

Mechanical vapor-compression refrigeration, air conditioning and heatpump systems include an evaporator, a compressor, a condenser, and anexpansion device. A refrigeration cycle re-uses refrigerant in multiplesteps producing a cooling effect in one step and a heating effect in adifferent step. The cycle can be described as follows: Liquidrefrigerant enters an evaporator through an expansion device, and theliquid refrigerant boils in the evaporator, by withdrawing heat from theenvironment, at a low temperature to form a gas and produce cooling.Often air or a heat transfer fluid flows over or around the evaporatorto transfer the cooling effect caused by the evaporation of therefrigerant in the evaporator to a body to be cooled. The low-pressuregas enters a compressor where the gas is compressed to raise itspressure and temperature. The higher-pressure (compressed) gaseousrefrigerant then enters the condenser in which the refrigerant condensesand discharges its heat to the environment. The refrigerant returns tothe expansion device through which the liquid expands from thehigher-pressure level in the condenser to the low-pressure level in theevaporator, thus repeating the cycle.

A body to be cooled or heated may be defined as any space, location,object or body for which it is desirable to provide cooling or heating.Examples include spaces (open or enclosed) requiring air conditioning,cooling, or heating, such as a room, an apartment, or building, such asan apartment building, university dormitory, townhouse, or otherattached house or single family home, hospitals, office buildings,supermarkets, college or university classrooms or administrationbuildings and automobile or truck passenger compartments. Additionally,a body to be cooled may include electronic devices, such as computerequipment, central processing units (cpu), data-centers, server banks,and personal computers among others.

By “in the vicinity of” is meant that the evaporator of the systemcontaining the refrigerant is located either within or adjacent to thebody to be cooled, such that air moving over the evaporator would moveinto or around the body to be cooled. In the process for producingheating, “in the vicinity of” means that the condenser of the systemcontaining the refrigerant is located either within or adjacent to thebody to be heated, such that the air moving over the evaporator wouldmove into or around the body to be heated. In some embodiments, for heattransfer, “in the vicinity of” may mean that the body to be cooled isimmersed directly in the heat transfer composition or tubes containingheat transfer compositions run into around internally, and out ofelectronic equipment, for instance.

Exemplary refrigeration systems include, but are not limited to,equipment including commercial, industrial or residential refrigeratorsand freezers, ice machines, self-contained coolers and freezers, vendingmachines, flooded evaporator chillers, direct expansion chillers, waterchiller, centrifugal chillers, walk-in and reach-in coolers andfreezers, and combination systems. In some embodiments, the compositionsprovided herein may be used in supermarket refrigeration systems.Additionally, stationary applications may utilize a secondary loopsystem that uses a primary refrigerant to produce cooling in onelocation that is transferred to a remote location via a secondary heattransfer fluid.

In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein are useful inmobile heat transfer systems, including refrigeration, air conditioning,or heat pump systems or apparatus. In some embodiments, the compositionsare useful in stationary heat transfer systems, including refrigeration,air conditioning, or heat pump systems or apparatus.

As used herein, mobile refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pumpsystems refers to any refrigeration, air conditioner, or heat pumpapparatus incorporated into a transportation unit for the road, rail,sea or air. Mobile air conditioning or heat pumps systems may be used inautomobiles, trucks, railcars or other transportation systems. Mobilerefrigeration may include transport refrigeration in trucks, airplanes,or rail cars. In addition, apparatus which are meant to providerefrigeration for a system independent of any moving carrier, known as“intermodal” systems, are including in the present inventions. Suchintermodal systems include “containers” (combined sea/land transport) aswell as “swap bodies” (combined road and rail transport).

As used herein, stationary air conditioning or heat pump systems aresystems that are fixed in place during operation. A stationary airconditioning or heat pump system may be associated within or attached tobuildings of any variety. These stationary applications may bestationary air conditioning and heat pumps, including but not limited tochillers, heat pumps, including residential and high temperature heatpumps, residential, commercial or industrial air conditioning systems,and including window, ductless, ducted, packaged terminal, and thoseexterior but connected to the building such as rooftop systems.

Stationary heat transfer may refer to systems for cooling electronicdevices, such as immersion cooling systems, submersion cooling systems,phase change cooling systems, data-center cooling systems or simplyliquid cooling systems.

In some embodiments, a method is provided for using the presentcompositions as a heat transfer fluid. The method comprises transportingsaid composition from a heat source to a heat sink.

In some embodiments, a method is provided for producing coolingcomprising evaporating any of the present compounds or compositions inthe vicinity of a body to be cooled, and thereafter condensing saidcomposition.

In some embodiments, a method is provided for producing heatingcomprising condensing any of the present compositions in the vicinity ofa body to be heated, and thereafter evaporating said compositions.

In some embodiments, the composition is for use in heat transfer,wherein the working fluid is a heat transfer component.

In some embodiments, the compositions of the invention are for use inrefrigeration or air conditioning.

In some embodiments, compositions of the present invention may be usefulfor reducing or eliminating the flammability of flammable refrigerantsprovided herein (e.g., R-134a or R-513A). In some embodiments, thepresent application provided herein is a method for reducing theflammability of a flammable refrigerant comprising adding a compositioncomprising a composition as disclosed herein to a flammable refrigerant.

The compositions provided herein may be useful as a replacement for acurrently used (“incumbent”) refrigerant. As used herein, the term“incumbent refrigerant” shall be understood to mean the refrigerant forwhich the heat transfer system was designed to operate, or therefrigerant that is resident in the heat transfer system. In someembodiments, the incumbent refrigerant is R-134a or R-513A. In someembodiments, the incumbent refrigerant is R-134a. In some embodiments,the incumbent refrigerant is R-513A. In some embodiments, thereplacement refrigerant is a composition provided herein.

Often replacement refrigerants are most useful if capable of being usedin the original refrigeration equipment designed for a differentrefrigerant, e.g., with minimal to no system modifications. In manyapplications, some embodiments of the disclosed compositions are usefulas refrigerants and provide at least comparable cooling performance(meaning cooling capacity) as the refrigerant for which a replacement isbeing sought.

In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant provided herein (i.e.,a composition provided herein) exhibits a cooling capacity that iswithin about ±3% to about ±20% of the cooling capacity of the R-134a orR-513A. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant provided hereinexhibits a cooling capacity that is within about ±20% of the coolingcapacity of the R-134a or R-513A. In some embodiments, the replacementrefrigerant provided herein exhibits a cooling capacity that is withinabout ±15% of the cooling capacity of the R-134a or R-513A. In someembodiments, the replacement refrigerant provided herein exhibits acooling capacity that is within about ±10% of the cooling capacity ofthe R-134a or R-513A. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerantprovided herein exhibits a cooling capacity that is within about ±5% ofthe cooling capacity of the R-134a or R-513A. In some embodiments, thereplacement refrigerant provided herein exhibits a cooling capacity thatis within about ±3% of the cooling capacity of the R-134a or R-513A.

In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant provided herein (i.e.,a composition provided herein) exhibits a cooling capacity that iswithin about ±3% to about ±20% of the cooling capacity of the R-134a orR-513A and has a GWP less than about 750. In some embodiments, thereplacement refrigerant provided herein exhibits a cooling capacity thatis within about ±3% to about ±20% of the cooling capacity of the R-134aor R-513A and has a GWP less than about 400. In some embodiments, thereplacement refrigerant provided herein exhibits a cooling capacity thatis within about ±3% to about ±20% of the cooling capacity of the R-134aor R-513A and has a GWP less than about 250. In some embodiments, thereplacement refrigerant provided herein exhibits a cooling capacity thatis within about ±3% to about ±20% of the cooling capacity of the R-134aor R-513A and has a GWP less than about 150.

In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant provided hereinexhibits a cooling capacity that is within about ±5% of the coolingcapacity of the R-134a or R-513A and has a GWP less than about 150.

In some embodiments, the method comprises replacing the R-134a or R-513Ain a high temperature heat pump with a replacement refrigerantcomposition provided herein. In some embodiments, the high temperatureheat pump is a centrifugal high temperature heat pump.

In some embodiments, the high temperature heat pump comprises acondenser operating at a temperature greater than about 50° C. In someembodiments, the high temperature heat pump comprises a condenseroperating at a temperature greater than about 100° C. In someembodiments, the high temperature heat pump comprises a condenseroperating at a temperature greater than about 120° C. In someembodiments, the high temperature heat pump comprises a condenseroperating at a temperature greater than about 150° C.

In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant exhibits a coefficientof performance for heating (COP) that is within about ±5% of the COP ofthe R-134a or R-513A. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerantexhibits a COP that is within about ±3% of the COP of the R-134a orR-513A. In some embodiments, the replacement refrigerant exhibits a COPthat is about equal to the COP of the R-134a or R-513A.

In some embodiments, the present application provides a method forimproving energy efficiency of a heat transfer system or apparatuscomprising an incumbent refrigerant, comprising substantially replacingthe incumbent refrigerant with a replacement refrigerant compositionprovided herein, thereby improving the efficiency of the heat transfersystem. In some embodiments, the heat transfer system is a chillersystem or chiller apparatus provided herein.

In some embodiments is provided a method for operating a heat transfersystem or for transferring heat that is designed to operate with anincumbent refrigerant by charging an empty system with a composition ofthe present invention, or by substantially replacing said incumbentrefrigerant with a composition of the present invention.

As used herein, the term “substantially replacing” shall be understoodto mean allowing the incumbent refrigerant to drain from the system, orpumping the incumbent refrigerant from the system, and then charging thesystem with a composition of the present invention. The system may beflushed with one or more quantities of the replacement refrigerantbefore being charged. It shall be understood that in some embodiments,some small quantity of the incumbent refrigerant may be present in thesystem after the system has been charged with the composition of thepresent invention.

In another embodiment is provided a method for recharging a heattransfer system that contains an incumbent refrigerant and a lubricant,said method comprising substantially removing the incumbent refrigerantfrom the heat transfer system while retaining a substantial portion ofthe lubricant in said system and introducing one of the presentcompositions to the heat transfer system. In some embodiments, thelubricant in the system is partially replaced.

In some embodiments, the compositions of the present invention may beused to top-off a refrigerant charge in a chiller. For example, if achiller using R-134a or R-513A has diminished performance due to leakageof refrigerant, the compositions as disclosed herein may be added tobring performance back up to specification.

In some embodiments, a heat exchange system containing any the presentlydisclosed compositions is provided, wherein said system is selected fromthe group consisting of air conditioners, freezers, refrigerators, heatpumps, water chillers, flooded evaporator chillers, direct expansionchillers, walk-in coolers, heat pumps, mobile refrigerators, mobile airconditioning units, and systems having combinations thereof.Additionally, the compositions provided herein may be useful insecondary loop systems wherein these compositions serve as the primaryrefrigerant thus providing cooling to a secondary heat transfer fluidthat thereby cools a remote location.

The compositions of the present invention may have some temperatureglide in the heat exchangers. Thus, the systems may operate moreefficiently if the heat exchangers are operated in counter-current modeor cross-current mode with counter-current tendency. Counter-currenttendency means that the closer the heat exchanger can get tocounter-current mode the more efficient the heat transfer. Thus, airconditioning heat exchangers, in particular evaporators, are designed toprovide some aspect of counter-current tendency.

Therefore, provided herein is an air conditioning or heat pump systemwherein said system includes one or more heat exchangers (eitherevaporators, condensers or both) that operate in counter-current mode orcross-current mode with counter-current tendency.

In some embodiments, provided herein is a refrigeration system whereinsaid system includes one or more heat exchangers (either evaporators,condensers or both) that operate in counter-current mode orcross-current mode with counter-current tendency.

In some embodiments, the refrigeration, air conditioning or heat pumpsystem is a stationary refrigeration, air conditioning or heat pumpsystem. In some embodiments the refrigeration, air conditioning, or heatpump system is a mobile refrigeration, air conditioning or heat pumpsystem.

Additionally, in some embodiments, the disclosed compositions mayfunction as primary refrigerants in secondary loop systems that providecooling to remote locations by use of a secondary heat transfer fluid,which may comprise water, an aqueous salt solution (e.g., calciumchloride), a glycol, carbon dioxide, or a fluorinated hydrocarbon fluid(meaning an HFC, HCFC, hydrofluoroolefin (“HFO”),hydrochlorofluoroolefin (“HCFO”), chlorofluoroolefin (“CFO”), orperfluorocarbon (“PFC”). In this case, the secondary heat transfer fluidis the body to be cooled as it is adjacent to the evaporator and iscooled before moving to a second remote body to be cooled. In otherembodiments, the disclosed compositions may function as the secondaryheat transfer fluid, thus transferring or providing cooling (or heating)to the remote location.

In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein further compriseone or more non-refrigerant components (also referred to herein asadditives) selected from the group consisting of lubricants, dyes(including UV dyes), solubilizing agents, compatibilizers, stabilizers,tracers, perfluoropolyethers, anti-wear agents, extreme pressure agents,corrosion and oxidation inhibitors, polymerization inhibitors, metalsurface energy reducers, metal surface deactivators, free radicalscavengers, foam control agents, viscosity index improvers, pour pointdepressants, detergents, viscosity adjusters, and mixtures thereof.Indeed, many of these optional non-refrigerant components fit into oneor more of these categories and may have qualities that lend themselvesto achieve one or more performance characteristic.

In some embodiments, one or more non-refrigerant components are presentin small amounts relative to the overall composition. In someembodiments, the amount of additive(s) concentration in the disclosedcompositions is from less than about 0.1 weight percent to as much asabout 5 weight percent of the total composition. In some embodiments ofthe present invention, the additives are present in the disclosedcompositions in an amount between about 0.1 weight percent to about 5weight percent of the total composition or in an amount between about0.1 weight percent to about 3.5 weight percent. The additivecomponent(s) selected for the disclosed composition is selected on thebasis of the utility and/or individual equipment components or thesystem requirements.

In one embodiment, the lubricant is selected from the group consistingof mineral oil, alkylbenzene, polyol esters, polyalkylene glycols,polyvinyl ethers, polycarbonates, perfluoropolyethers, silicones,silicate esters, phosphate esters, paraffins, naphthenes,polyalpha-olefins, and combinations thereof.

The lubricants as disclosed herein may be commercially availablelubricants. For instance, the lubricant may be paraffinic mineral oil,sold by BVA Oils as BVM 100 N, naphthenic mineral oils sold by CromptonCo. under the trademarks Suniso® 1GS, Suniso® 3GS and Suniso® SGS,naphthenic mineral oil sold by Pennzoil under the trademark Sontex®372LT, naphthenic mineral oil sold by Calumet Lubricants under thetrademark Calumet® RO-30, linear alkylbenzenes sold by Shrieve Chemicalsunder the trademarks Zerol® 75, Zerol® 150 and Zerol® 500 and branchedalkylbenzene sold by Nippon Oil as HAB 22, polyol esters (POEs) soldunder the trademark Castrol® 100 by Castrol, United Kingdom,polyalkylene glycols (PAGs) such as RL-488A from Dow (Dow Chemical,Midland, Mich.), and mixtures thereof, meaning mixtures of any of thelubricants disclosed in this paragraph.

Notwithstanding the above weight ratios for compositions disclosedherein, it is understood that in some heat transfer systems, while thecomposition is being used, it may acquire additional lubricant from oneor more equipment components of such heat transfer system. For example,in some refrigeration, air conditioning and heat pump systems,lubricants may be charged in the compressor and/or the compressorlubricant sump. Such lubricant would be in addition to any lubricantadditive present in the refrigerant in such a system. In use, therefrigerant when in the compressor may pick up an amount of theequipment lubricant to change the refrigerant-lubricant composition fromthe starting ratio.

The non-refrigerant component used with the compositions of the presentinvention may include at least one dye. The dye may be at least oneultra-violet (UV) dye. As used herein, “ultra-violet” dye is defined asa UV fluorescent or phosphorescent composition that absorbs light in theultra-violet or “near” ultra-violet region of the electromagneticspectrum. The fluorescence produced by the UV fluorescent dye underillumination by a UV light that emits at least some radiation with awavelength in the range of from 10 nanometers to about 775 nanometersmay be detected.

UV dye is a useful component for detecting leaks of the composition bypermitting one to observe the fluorescence of the dye at or in thevicinity of a leak point in an apparatus (e.g., refrigeration unit,air-conditioner or heat pump). The UV emission, e.g., fluorescence fromthe dye may be observed under an ultra-violet light. Therefore, if acomposition containing such a UV dye is leaking from a given point in anapparatus, the fluorescence can be detected at the leak point, or in thevicinity of the leak point.

In some embodiments, the UV dye may be a fluorescent dye. In someembodiments, the fluorescent dye is selected from the group consistingof naphthalimides, perylenes, coumarins, anthracenes, phenanthracenes,xanthenes, thioxanthenes, naphthoxanthenes, fluoresceins, andderivatives of said dye, and combinations thereof, meaning mixtures ofany of the foregoing dyes or their derivatives disclosed in thisparagraph.

Another non-refrigerant component which may be used with thecompositions of the present invention may include at least onesolubilizing agent selected to improve the solubility of one or more dyein the disclosed compositions. In some embodiments, the weight ratio ofdye to solubilizing agent ranges from about 99:1 to about 1:1. Thesolubilizing agents include at least one compound selected from thegroup consisting of hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon ethers, polyoxyalkyleneglycol ethers (such as dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether), amides,nitriles, ketones, chlorocarbons (such as methylene chloride,trichloroethylene, chloroform, or mixtures thereof), esters, lactones,aromatic ethers, fluoroethers, and 1,1,1-trifluoroalkanes and mixturesthereof, meaning mixtures of any of the solubilizing agents disclosed inthis paragraph.

In some embodiments, the non-refrigerant component comprises at leastone compatibilizer to improve the compatibility of one or morelubricants with the disclosed compositions. The compatibilizer may beselected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, hydrocarbon ethers,polyoxyalkylene glycol ethers (such as dipropylene glycol dimethylether), amides, nitriles, ketones, chlorocarbons (such as methylenechloride, trichloroethylene, chloroform, or mixtures thereof), esters,lactones, aromatic ethers, fluoroethers, 1,1,1-trifluoroalkanes, andmixtures thereof, meaning mixtures of any of the compatibilizersdisclosed in this paragraph.

The solubilizing agent and/or compatibilizer may be selected from thegroup consisting of hydrocarbon ethers consisting of the etherscontaining only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, such as dimethyl ether(DME) and mixtures thereof, meaning mixtures of any of the hydrocarbonethers disclosed in this paragraph.

The compatibilizer may be linear or cyclic aliphatic or aromatichydrocarbon compatibilizer containing from 3 to 15 carbon atoms. Thecompatibilizer may be at least one hydrocarbon, which may be selectedfrom the group consisting of at least propanes, including propylene andpropane, butanes, including n-butane and isobutene, pentanes, includingn-pentane, isopentane, neopentane and cyclopentane, hexanes, octanes,nonane, and decanes, among others. Commercially available hydrocarboncompatibilizers include but are not limited to those from Exxon Chemical(USA) sold under the trademarks Isopar® H, a mixture of undecane (C₁₁)and dodecane (C₁₂) (a high purity C₁₁ to C₁₂ iso-paraffinic), Aromatic150 (a C₉ to C₁₁ aromatic) (Aromatic 200 (a C₉ to C₁₅ aromatic) andNaptha 140 (a mixture of C₅ to C₁₁ paraffins, naphthenes and aromatichydrocarbons) and mixtures thereof, meaning mixtures of any of thehydrocarbons disclosed in this paragraph.

The compatibilizer may alternatively be at least one polymericcompatibilizer. The polymeric compatibilizer may be a random copolymerof fluorinated and non-fluorinated acrylates, wherein the polymercomprises repeating units of at least one monomer represented by theformulae CH₂═C(R¹)CO₂R², CH₂═C(R³)C₆H₄R⁴, and CH₂═C(R⁵)C₆H₄XR⁶, whereinX is oxygen or sulfur; R¹, R³, and R⁵ are independently selected fromthe group consisting of H and C₁-C₄ alkyl radicals; and R², R⁴, and R⁶are independently selected from the group consisting ofcarbon-chain-based radicals containing C, and F, and may further containH, Cl, ether oxygen, or sulfur in the form of thioether, sulfoxide, orsulfone groups and mixtures thereof. Examples of such polymericcompatibilizers include those commercially available from E. I. du Pontde Nemours and Company, (Wilmington, Del., 19898, USA) under thetrademark Zonyl® PHS. Zonyl® PHS is a random copolymer made bypolymerizing 40 weight percent CH₂═C(CH₃)CO₂CH₂CH₂(CF₂CF₂)_(m)F (alsoreferred to as Zonyl® fluoromethacrylate or ZFM) wherein m is from 1 to12, primarily 2 to 8, and 60 weight percent lauryl methacrylate(CH₂═C(CH₃)CO₂(CH₂)₁₁CH₃, also referred to as LMA).

In some embodiments, the compatibilizer component contains from about0.01 to 30 weight percent (based on total amount of compatibilizer) ofan additive which reduces the surface energy of metallic copper,aluminum, steel, or other metals and metal alloys thereof found in heatexchangers in a way that reduces the adhesion of lubricants to themetal. Examples of metal surface energy reducing additives include thosecommercially available from DuPont under the trademarks Zonyl® FSA,Zonyl® FSP, and Zonyl® FSJ.

Another non-refrigerant component which may be used with thecompositions of the present invention may be a metal surfacedeactivator. The metal surface deactivator is selected from the groupconsisting of areoxalyl bis (benzylidene) hydrazide (CAS reg no.6629-10-3), N,N′-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamoylhydrazine(CAS reg no. 32687-78-8),2,2,′-oxamidobis-ethyl-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyhydrocinnamate (CASreg no. 70331-94-1), N,N′-(disalicyclidene)-1,2-diaminopropane (CAS regno. 94-91-7) and ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (CAS reg no. 60-00-4)and its salts, and mixtures thereof, meaning mixtures of any of themetal surface deactivators disclosed in this paragraph.

The non-refrigerant component used with the compositions of the presentinvention may alternatively be a stabilizer selected from the groupconsisting of hindered phenols, thiophosphates, butylatedtriphenylphosphorothionates, organo phosphates, or phosphites, arylalkyl ethers, terpenes, terpenoids, epoxides, fluorinated epoxides,oxetanes, ascorbic acid, thiols, lactones, thioethers, amines,nitromethane, alkylsilanes, benzophenone derivatives, aryl sulfides,divinyl terephthalic acid, diphenyl terephthalic acid, hydrazones, suchas acetaldehyde dimethylhydrazone, ionic liquids, and mixtures thereof,meaning mixtures of any of the stabilizers disclosed in this paragraph.Terpene or terpenoid stabilizers may include farnesene. Phosphitestabilizers may include diphenyl phosphite.

The stabilizer may be selected from the group consisting of tocopherol;hydroquinone; t-butyl hydroquinone; monothiophosphates; anddithiophosphates, commercially available from Ciba Specialty Chemicals,Basel, Switzerland, hereinafter “Ciba”, under the trademark Irgalube®63; dialkylthiophosphate esters, commercially available from Ciba underthe trademarks Irgalube® 353 and Irgalube® 350, respectively; butylatedtriphenylphosphorothionates, commercially available from Ciba under thetrademark Irgalube® 232; amine phosphates, commercially available fromCiba under the trademark Irgalube® 349 (Ciba); hindered phosphites,commercially available from Ciba as Irgafos® 168 andTris-(di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphite, commercially available from Cibaunder the trademark Irgafos® OPH; (Di-n-octyl phosphite); and iso-decyldiphenyl phosphite, commercially available from Ciba under the trademarkIrgafos® DDPP; trialkyl phosphates, such as trimethyl phosphate,triethylphosphate, tributyl phosphate, trioctyl phosphate, andtri(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate; triaryl phosphates including triphenylphosphate, tricresyl phosphate, and trixylenyl phosphate; and mixedalkyl-aryl phosphates including isopropylphenyl phosphate (IPPP), andbis(t-butylphenyl)phenyl phosphate (TBPP); butylated triphenylphosphates, such as those commercially available under the trademarkSyn-O-Ad® including Syn-O-Ad®8784; tert-butylated triphenyl phosphatessuch as those commercially available under the trademark Durad® 620;isopropylated triphenyl phosphates such as those commercially availableunder the trademarks Durad® 220 and Durad® 110; anisole;1,4-dimethoxybenzene; 1,4-diethoxybenzene; 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene;myrcene, alloocimene, limonene (in particular, d-limonene); retinal;pinene (a or (3); menthol; geraniol; farnesol; phytol; Vitamin A;terpinene; delta-3-carene; terpinolene; phellandrene; fenchene;dipentene; caratenoids, such as lycopene, beta carotene, andxanthophylls, such as zeaxanthin; retinoids, such as hepaxanthin andisotretinoin; bornane; 1,2-propylene oxide; 1,2-butylene oxide; n-butylglycidyl ether; trifluoromethyloxirane; 1,1-bis(trifluoromethyl)oxirane;3-ethyl-3-hydroxymethyl-oxetane, such as OXT-101 (Toagosei Co., Ltd);3-ethyl-3-((phenoxy)methyl)-oxetane, such as OXT-211 (Toagosei Co.,Ltd); 3-ethyl-3-((2-ethyl-hexyloxy)methyl)-oxetane, such as OXT-212(Toagosei Co., Ltd); ascorbic acid; methanethiol (methyl mercaptan);ethanethiol (ethyl mercaptan); Coenzyme A; dimercaptosuccinic acid(DMSA); grapefruit mercaptan((R)-2-(4-methylcyclohex-3-enyl)propane-2-thiol)); cysteine((R)-2-amino-3-sulfanyl-propanoic acid); lipoamide(1,2-dithiolane-3-pentanamide); 5,7-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-[2,3(or3,4)-dimethylphenyl]-2(3H)-benzofuranone, commercially available fromCiba under the trademark Irganox® HP-136; benzyl phenyl sulfide;diphenyl sulfide; diisopropylamine; dioctadecyl 3,3′-thiodipropionate,commercially available from Ciba under the trademark Irganox® PS 802(Ciba); didodecyl 3,3′-thiopropionate, commercially available from Cibaunder the trademark Irganox® PS 800;di-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl)sebacate, commercially availablefrom Ciba under the trademark Tinuvin® 770;poly-(N-hydroxyethyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxy-piperidyl succinate,commercially available from Ciba under the trademark Tinuvin® 622LD(Ciba); methyl bis tallow amine; bis tallow amine;phenol-alpha-naphthylamine; bis(dimethylamino)methylsilane (DMAMS);tris(trimethylsilyl)silane (TTMSS); vinyltriethoxysilane;vinyltrimethoxysilane; 2,5-difluorobenzophenone;2′,5′-dihydroxyacetophenone; 2-aminobenzophenone; 2-chlorobenzophenone;benzyl phenyl sulfide; diphenyl sulfide; dibenzyl sulfide; ionicliquids; and mixtures and combinations thereof.

The additive used with the compositions of the present invention mayalternatively be an ionic liquid stabilizer. The ionic liquid stabilizermay be selected from the group consisting of organic salts that areliquid at room temperature (approximately 25° C.), those saltscontaining cations selected from the group consisting of pyridinium,pyridazinium, pyrimidinium, pyrazinium, imidazolium, pyrazolium,thiazolium, oxazolium and triazolium and mixtures thereof; and anionsselected from the group consisting of [BF₄]⁻, [PF₆]⁻, [SbF₆]⁻,[CF₃SO₃]⁻, [HCF₂CF₂SO₃]⁻, [CF₃HFCCF₂SO₃]⁻, [HCClFCF₂SO₃]⁻,[(CF₃SO₂)₂N]⁻, [(CF₃CF₂SO₂)₂N]⁻, [(CF₃SO₂)₃C]⁻, [CF₃CO₂]⁻, and F⁻, andmixtures thereof. In some embodiments, ionic liquid stabilizers areselected from the group consisting of emim BF₄(1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate); bmim BF₄(1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetraborate); emim PF₆(1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate); and bmim PF₆(1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate), all of which areavailable from Fluka (Sigma-Aldrich).

In some embodiments, the stabilizer may be a hindered phenol, which isany substituted phenol compound, including phenols comprising one ormore substituted or cyclic, straight chain, or branched aliphaticsubstituent group, such as, alkylated monophenols including2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol; 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-ethylphenol;2,4-dimethyl-6-tertbutylphenol; tocopherol; and the like, hydroquinoneand alkylated hydroquinones including t-butyl hydroquinone, otherderivatives of hydroquinone; and the like, hydroxylated thiodiphenylethers, including 4,4′-thio-bis(2-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol);4,4′-thiobis(3-methyl-6-tertbutylphenol);2,2′-thiobis(4methyl-6-tert-butylphenol); and the like,alkylidene-bisphenols including:4,4′-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol);4,4′-bis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol); derivatives of 2,2′- or4,4-biphenoldiols; 2,2′-methylenebis(4-ethyl-6-tertbutylphenol);2,2′-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-tertbutylphenol);4,4-butylidenebis(3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol);4,4-isopropylidenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol);2,2′-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-nonylphenol);2,2′-isobutylidenebis(4,6-dimethylphenol;2,2′-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-cyclohexylphenol, 2,2- or 4,4-biphenyldiolsincluding 2,2′-methylenebis(4-ethyl-6-tert-butylphenol); butylatedhydroxytoluene (BHT, or 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol), bisphenolscomprising heteroatoms including2,6-di-tert-alpha-dimethylamino-p-cresol,4,4-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-m-cresol); and the like; acylaminophenols;2,6-di-tert-butyl-4(N,N′-dimethylaminomethylphenol); sulfides including;bis(3-methyl-4-hydroxy-5-tert-butylbenzyl) sulfi de;bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)sulfide and mixtures thereof,meaning mixtures of any of the phenols disclosed in this paragraph.

The non-refrigerant component which is used with compositions of thepresent invention may alternatively be a tracer. The tracer may be twoor more tracer compounds from the same class of compounds or fromdifferent classes of compounds. In some embodiments, the tracer ispresent in the compositions at a total concentration of about 50 partsper million by weight (ppm) to about 1000 ppm, based on the weight ofthe total composition. In other embodiments, the tracer is present at atotal concentration of about 50 ppm to about 500 ppm. Alternatively, thetracer is present at a total concentration of about 100 ppm to about 300ppm.

The tracer may be selected from the group consisting ofhydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), deuterated hydrofluorocarbons,perfluorocarbons, fluoroethers, brominated compounds, iodinatedcompounds, alcohols, aldehydes and ketones, nitrous oxide andcombinations thereof. Alternatively, the tracer may be selected from thegroup consisting of trifluoromethane (HFC-23), fluoroethane (HFC-161),1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluoropropane (HFC-227ca),1,1,1,2,2,3-hexafluoropropane (HFC-236cb), 1,1,1,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane(HFC-236ea), 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245cb),1,1,2,2-tetrafluoropropane (HFC-254cb), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoropropane(HFC-254eb), 1,1,1-trifluoropropane (HFC-263fb), 2,2-difluoropropane(HFC-272ca), 2-fluoropropane (HFC-281 ea), 1-fluoropropane (HFC-281fa),1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4-nonafluorobutane (HFC-329p),1,1,1-trifluoro-2-methylpropane (HFC-329mmz),1,1,1,2,2,4,4,4-octafluorobutane (HFC-338mf),1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4-octafluorobutane (HFC-338pcc),1,1,1,2,2,3,3-heptafluorobutane (HFC-347s), hexafluoroethane(perfluoroethane, PFC-116), perfluoro-cyclopropane (PFC-C216),perfluoropropane (PFC-218), perfluoro-cyclobutane (PFC-C318),perfluorobutane (PFC-31-10mc), perfluoro-2-methylpropane (CF₃CF(CF₃)₂),perfluoro-1,3-dimethylcyclobutane (PFC-C51-12mycm),trans-perfluoro-2,3-dimethylcyclobutane (PFC-C51-12mym, trans),cis-perfluoro-2,3-dimethylcyclobutane (PFC-C51-12mym, cis),perfluoromethylcyclopentane, perfluoromethylcyclohexane,perfluorodimethylcyclohexane (ortho, meta, or para),perfluoroethylcyclohexane, perfluoroindan, perfluorotrimethylcyclohexaneand isomers thereof, perfluoroisopropylcyclohexane,cis-perfluorodecalin, trans-perfluorodecalin, cis- ortrans-perfluoromethyldecalinand mixtures thereof. In some embodiments,the tracer is a blend containing two or more hydrofluorocarbons, or onehydrofluorocarbon in combination with one or more perfluorocarbons.

The tracer may be added to the compositions of the present invention inpredetermined quantities to allow detection of any dilution,contamination or other alteration of the composition.

The additive which may be used with the compositions of the presentinvention may alternatively be a perfluoropolyether as described indetail in US 2007-0284555, the disclosure of which is incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety.

It will be recognized that certain of the additives referenced above assuitable for the non-refrigerant component have been identified aspotential refrigerants. However, in accordance with this invention, whenthese additives are used, they are not present at an amount that wouldaffect the novel and basic characteristics of the refrigerant mixturesof this invention.

In some embodiments, the refrigerant compositions disclosed herein maybe prepared by any convenient method to combine the desired amounts ofthe individual components as is standard in the art. A preferred methodis to weigh the desired component amounts and thereafter combine thecomponents in an appropriate vessel. Agitation may be used, if desired.

EXAMPLES

The invention will be described in greater detail by way of specificexamples. The following examples are offered for illustrative purposes,and are not intended to limit the invention in any manner. Those ofskill in the art will readily recognize a variety of non-criticalparameters which can be changed or modified to yield essentially thesame results. The following parameters were used as a basis forcalculating the comparative data for R-134a and R-513A, as shown inTable A: T_(condenser)=40.0° C.; T_(evaporator)=4.0° C.; CompressorClearance: 0.05; Compressor Displacement 0.1 m³/min; Cooling Load: 1.0tonnes; Efficiency: 75%; T_(return)=18° C.; Subcool: 8 K.

TABLE A R- Evap Cond Disch Avg 134a 513A AR4 P P T Glide Cap (wt %) (wt%) GWP (kPa) (kPa) (° C.) (K) COP (kJ/m³) 100  0 1430 338 1017 65 05.141 2611  0 100  631 372 1072 60 0 5.096 2700

Example 1: R-1225ye(E)/R-32 Blends as Replacement Refrigerants forR-134a or R-513A

The cooling performance for mixtures containing R-1225ye(E), R-1234yf,R-32 and optionally R-125 was determined, including: suction pressure(Suction P), discharge pressure (Disch P), compressor dischargetemperature (Disch T), and Average Temperature Glide for the evaporatorand condenser (Average glide). Relative energy efficiency (COP) andvolumetric cooling capacity (CAP) for mixtures of the present inventionrelative to R-134a were also determined. R-513A is a mixture of 44weight percent R-134a and 56 wt % R-1234yf. The following parameterswere used to calculate the data shown in Tables 1A-1B:T_(condenser)=40.0° C.; T_(evaporator)=4.0° C.; Compressor Clearance:0.05; Compressor Displacement 0.1 m³/min; Cooling Load: 1.0 tonnes;Efficiency: 75%; T_(return)=18° C.; Subcool: 8 K.

TABLE 1A R- R- R-32 R-125 Evap Cond Disch Avg 1225yeE 1234yf (wt (wt AR4P P T Glide (wt %) (wt %) %) %) GWP (kPa) (kPa) (° C.) (K) 90  0 10 0 71 322  979 64 9.0 49 48  2 1  52 311  911 58 3.4 47 47  4 2 101 335 983 60 5.3 46 45  6 3 149 357 1048 61 6.8 44 44  8 4 198 381 1114 627.9 43 42 10 5 246 403 1174 63 8.7 41 41 12 6 294 426 1235 63 9.3

TABLE 1B R-32 R-125 COP Cap Cap 1225yeE 1234yf (wt (wt AR4 rel to (kJ/rel to (wt %) (wt %) %) %) GWP COP 134a m³) 134a 90  0 10 0  71 5.167101% 2503  96% 49 48  2 1  52 5.132 100% 2302  88% 47 47  4 2 101 5.119100% 2478  95% 46 45  6 3 149 5.114  99% 2642 101% 44 44  8 4 198 5.110 99% 2808 108% 43 42 10 5 246 5.105  99% 2959 113% 41 41 12 6 294 5.096 99% 3112 119%

The results in Tables 1A-1B show that the mixtures analyzed in thisexample are good alternatives to R-134a and R-513A with similar coolingcapacities and energy efficiencies (COP). They also exhibit similarcompressor discharge temperatures to R-134a and R-513A.

Example 2: R-1225ye(E)/R-32/R-1234yf/CO₂ Blends as ReplacementRefrigerants for R-134a or R-513A

Cooling performance was evaluated using the procedure of Example 1. Thefollowing parameters were used to calculate the data shown in Tables1A-1B: T_(condenser)=40.0° C.; T_(evaporator)=4.0° C.; CompressorClearance: 0.05; Compressor Displacement 0.1 m³/min; Cooling Load: 1.0tonnes; Efficiency: 75%; T_(return)=18° C.; Subcool: 8 K.

TABLE 2A R32 CO₂ Evap Cond Disch Avg 1225yeE 1234yf (wt (wt AR4 P P TGlide (wt %) (wt %) %) %) GWP (kPa) (kPa) (° C.) (K) 49 48 2 1 17 327 981 60  6.3 47 47 4 2 31 369 1117 62 10.3 46 45 6 3 44 411 1243 64 13.4

TABLE 2B R32 CO₂ COP Cap 1225yeE 1234yf (wt (wt AR4 rel to Cap rel to(wt %) (wt %) %) %) GWP COP 134a (kJ/m³) 134a 49 48 2 1 17 5.075 99%2447  94% 47 47 4 2 31 5.050 98% 2772 106% 46 45 6 3 44 5.044 98% 3084118%

The results in Tables 2A-2B show that the mixtures analyzed in thisexample are good alternatives to R-134a and R-513A with similar coolingcapacities and energy efficiencies (COP). They also exhibit similarcompressor discharge temperatures to R-134a and R-513A.

Example 3: R-1225ye(E)/R-32/R-1234yf/R-125/CO₂ Blends as ReplacementRefrigerants for R-134a or R-513A

Cooling performance was evaluated using the procedure of Example 1. Thefollowing parameters were used to calculate the data shown in Tables1A-1B: T_(condenser)=40.0° C.; T_(evaporator)=4.0° C.; CompressorClearance: 0.05; Compressor Displacement 0.1 m³/min; Cooling Load: 1.0tonnes; Efficiency: 75%; T_(return)=18° C.; Subcool: 8 K.

TABLE 3A 1225yeE 1234yf R-32 R-125 CO₂ AR4 Evap Cond P Disch Avg (wt %)(wt %) (wt %) (wt %) (wt %) GWP P (kPa) (kPa) T (° C.) Glide (K) 47 47 41 1  66 351 1050 61  7.9 46 45 6 2 1 114 374 1113 62  9.1 44 44 8 3 1163 398 1177 63  9.9 43 42 10  4 1 211 421 1235 64 10.6 46 45 6 1 2  79392 1178 63 11.3 44 44 8 2 2 128 417 1240 64 11.9

TABLE 3B 1225yeE 1234yf R-32 R-125 CO₂ AR4 COP rel Cap Cap rel (wt %)(wt %) (wt %) (wt %) (wt %) GWP COP to 134a (kJ/m³) to 134a 47 47 4 1 1 66 5.078 99% 2623 100% 46 45 6 2 1 114 5.082 99% 2785 107% 44 44 8 3 1163 5.083 99% 2949 113% 43 42 10  4 1 211 5.081 99% 3098 119% 46 45 6 12  79 5.059 98% 2933 112% 44 44 8 2 2 128 5.063 98% 3094 118%

The results in Tables 3A-3B show that the mixtures analyzed in thisexample are good alternatives to R-134a and R-513A with similar coolingcapacities and energy efficiencies (COP). They also exhibit similarcompressor discharge temperatures to R-134a and R-513A.

OTHER EMBODIMENTS

-   1. In some embodiments, the present application provides a    composition comprising (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene and R-32.-   2. The composition of embodiment 1, wherein the composition    comprises about 85 to about 95 weight percent    (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene and about 15 to about 5 weight    percent R-32.-   3. The composition of embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the composition    comprises about 90 weight percent    (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene and about 10 weight percent    R-32.-   4. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 3, further    comprising a compound selected from HFO-1234yf, R-125, and CO₂, or    any mixture thereof-   5. The composition of embodiment 1 or 4, wherein the composition    comprises about 40 to about 95 weight percent    (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene.-   6. The composition of any one of embodiments 1, 4, and 5, wherein    the composition comprises about 2 to about 12 weight percent R-32.-   7. The composition of any one of embodiments 4 to 6, wherein the    composition comprises about 41 to about 48 weight percent    HFO-1234yf.-   8. The composition of any one of embodiments 4 to 7, wherein the    composition comprises about 1 to about 6 weight percent R-125.-   9. The composition of any one of embodiments 4 to 8, wherein the    composition comprises about 1 to about 3 weight percent CO₂.-   10. The composition of embodiment 4, wherein the composition    comprises (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, R-32, HFO-1234yf, and    R-125.-   11. The composition of embodiment 4 or 10, wherein the composition    comprises about 41 to about 49 weight percent    (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, about 2 to about 12 weight    percent R-32, about 41 to about 48 weight percent HFO-1234yf, and    about 1 to about 6 weight percent R-125.-   12. The composition of embodiment 4 or 10, wherein the composition    comprises about 44 to about 47 weight percent    (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, about 4 to about 8 weight    percent R-32, about 44 to about 47 weight percent HFO-1234yf, and    about 2 to about 4 weight percent R-125.-   13. The composition of any one of embodiments 4 and 10 to 12,    wherein the composition has a GWP less than about 150.-   14. The composition of any one of embodiments 4 and 10 to 13,    wherein the composition comprises about 46 to about 47 weight    percent (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, about 4 to about 6    weight percent R-32, about 45 to about 47 weight percent HFO-1234yf,    and about 2 to about 3 weight percent R-125.-   15. The composition of embodiment 4, wherein the composition    comprises (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, R-32, HFO-1234yf, and    CO₂.-   16. The composition of embodiment 4 or 15, wherein the composition    comprises about 46 to about 49 weight percent    (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, about 2 to about 6 weight    percent R-32, about 45 to about 48 weight percent HFO-1234yf, and    about 1 to about 3 weight percent CO₂.-   17. The composition of any one of embodiments 4, 15 and 16, wherein    the composition has a GWP less than about 150.-   18. The composition of any one of embodiments 4 and 15 to 17,    wherein the composition comprises about 47 to about 49 weight    percent (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, about 2 to about 4    weight percent R-32, about 47 to about 48 weight percent HFO-1234yf,    and about 1 to about 2 weight percent CO₂.-   19. The composition of embodiment 4, wherein the composition    comprises (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, R-32, HFO-1234yf,    R-125, and CO₂.-   20. The composition of embodiment 4 or 19, wherein the composition    comprises about 43 to about 47 weight percent    (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, about 4 to about 10 weight    percent R-32, about 42 to about 47 weight percent HFO-1234yf, about    1 to about 4 weight percent R-125, and about 1 to about 2 weight    percent CO₂.-   21. The composition of any one of embodiments 4, 19, and 20, wherein    the composition has a GWP less than about 150.-   22. The composition of any one of embodiments 4 and 19 to 21,    wherein the composition comprises about 44 to about 47 weight    percent (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, about 4 to about 8    weight percent R-32, about 44 to about 47 weight percent HFO-1234yf,    about 1 to about 2 weight percent R-125, and about 1 to about 2    weight percent CO₂.-   23. The composition of any one of embodiments 4 and 19 to 21,    wherein the composition comprises about 46 to about 47 weight    percent (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, about 4 to about 6    weight percent R-32, about 45 to about 47 weight percent HFO-1234yf,    about 1 to about 2 weight percent R-125, and about 1 to about 1    weight percent CO₂.-   24. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 23, wherein the    composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in    Tables 1A-1B.-   25. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 23, wherein the    composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in    Tables 2A-2B.-   26. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 23, wherein the    composition is selected from the group of compositions provided in    Tables 3A-3B.-   27. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 26, wherein the    composition exhibits a GWP of less than about 150.-   28. The composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 27, wherein the    composition exhibits a cooling capacity (CAP) that is within about    ±5% of the cooling capacity of the R-134a or R-513A.-   29. A process for producing cooling, comprising condensing the    composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 28, and thereafter    evaporating said composition in the vicinity of a body to be cooled.-   30. A process for producing heating, comprising evaporating the    composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 28, and thereafter    condensing said composition in the vicinity of a body to be heated.-   31. A method of replacing R-134a or R-513A in a refrigeration, air    conditioning, or heat pump system, comprising providing the    composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 28, as replacement for    said R-134a or R-513A.-   32. The method of embodiment 31, which is a method of replacing    R-134a in a refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump system.-   33. The method of embodiment 31, which is a method of replacing    R-513A in a refrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump system.-   34. An air conditioning system, heat pump system, or refrigeration    system comprising the composition of any one of embodiments 1 to 28.-   35. The air conditioning system, heat pump system, or refrigeration    system of embodiment 34, wherein the system comprises an evaporator,    compressor, condenser, and expansion device.-   36. The air conditioning system, heat pump system, or refrigeration    system of embodiment 34 or 35, wherein said system comprises one or    more heat exchangers that operate in counter-current mode or    cross-current mode with counter-current tendency.

It is to be understood that while the invention has been described inconjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoingdescription is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of theinvention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Otheraspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of thefollowing claims. It should be appreciated by those persons havingordinary skill in the art(s) to which the present invention relates thatany of the features described herein in respect of any particular aspectand/or embodiment of the present invention can be combined with one ormore of any of the other features of any other aspects and/orembodiments of the present invention described herein, withmodifications as appropriate to ensure compatibility of thecombinations. Such combinations are considered to be part of the presentinvention contemplated by this disclosure.

1. A composition comprising (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene andR-32.
 2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition comprisesabout 85 to about 95 weight percent (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propeneand about 15 to about 5 weight percent R-32.
 3. The composition of claim1, wherein the composition comprises about 90 weight percent(E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene and about 10 weight percent R-32. 4.The composition of claim 1, further comprising a compound selected fromHFO-1234yf, R-125, and CO₂, or any mixture thereof.
 5. The compositionof claim 4, wherein the composition comprises about 40 to about 95weight percent (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene.
 6. The compositionof claim 4, wherein the composition comprises about 2 to about 12 weightpercent R-32.
 7. The composition of claim 4, wherein the compositioncomprises about 41 to about 48 weight percent HFO-1234yf.
 8. Thecomposition of claim 4, wherein the composition comprises about 1 toabout 6 weight percent R-125.
 9. The composition of claim 4, wherein thecomposition comprises about 1 to about 3 weight percent CO₂.
 10. Thecomposition of claim 4, wherein the composition comprises(E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, R-32, HFO-1234yf, and R-125. 11.The composition of claim 10, wherein the composition comprises about 41to about 49 weight percent (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, about 2to about 12 weight percent R-32, about 41 to about 48 weight percentHFO-1234yf, and about 1 to about 6 weight percent R-125.
 12. Thecomposition of claim 10, wherein the composition comprises about 44 toabout 47 weight percent (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, about 4 toabout 8 weight percent R-32, about 44 to about 47 weight percentHFO-1234yf, and about 2 to about 4 weight percent R-125.
 13. (canceled)14. (canceled)
 15. The composition of claim 4, wherein the compositioncomprises (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, R-32, HFO-1234yf, andCO₂.
 16. The composition of claim 15, wherein the composition comprisesabout 46 to about 49 weight percent (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene,about 2 to about 6 weight percent R-32, about 45 to about 48 weightpercent HFO-1234yf, and about 1 to about 3 weight percent CO₂. 17.(canceled)
 18. (canceled)
 19. The composition of claim 4, wherein thecomposition comprises (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, R-32,HFO-1234yf, R-125, and CO₂.
 20. The composition of claim 19, wherein thecomposition comprises about 43 to about 47 weight percent(E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene, about 4 to about 10 weight percentR-32, about 42 to about 47 weight percent HFO-1234yf, about 1 to about 4weight percent R-125, and about 1 to about 2 weight percent CO₂. 21.(canceled)
 22. (canceled)
 23. (canceled)
 24. A process for producingcooling, comprising condensing the composition of claim 1 and thereafterevaporating said composition in the vicinity of a body to be cooled. 25.A process for producing heating, comprising evaporating the compositionof claim 1 and thereafter condensing said composition in the vicinity ofa body to be heated.
 26. A method of replacing R-134a or R-513A in arefrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump system, comprisingproviding the composition of claim 1 as replacement for said R-134a orR-513A.
 27. An air conditioning system, heat pump system, orrefrigeration system comprising the composition of claim
 1. 28-35.(canceled)
 36. A method of replacing R-134a or R-513A in arefrigeration, air conditioning, or heat pump system, comprisingproviding (E)-1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoro-1-propene as replacement for saidR-134a or R-513A.